Keplers’s Laws of Planetary Motion, Kepler's Law, Law of Orbits, Law of Areas, Law of periods

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  Keplers’s Laws of Planetary Motion: 1 st law ( Law of Orbits ): Every planet moves around the sun in elliptical orbit with the sun at one of the foci of the elliptical orbit. 2 nd   law ( Law of Areas): The line joining the planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of time.                                                             Area of SAB = Area of SCD  2 nd   law tells us that a planet does not move with constant speed around the sun. It speeds up while approaching the nearest point called ‘ perigee’ and slows downs while approaching the farthest point called ‘ apogee’. therefore, distance covered on the orbit with in the given interval of time at perigee is greater than that at apogee such that areas swept are equal. 3 rd Law ( Law of periods): The square of the time periods of revolution of...
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Gauss's Theorm , Gauss's law Formula, Gauss's Theorm Proof

Gauss Law states that the total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity. The electric flux in an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area of the surface projected in a plane and perpendicular to the field.

What is Gauss Law?

According to the Gauss law, the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1/ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface.

Mathematically can be expressed as:



For example, A point charge q is placed inside a cube of edge ‘a’. Now as per the Gauss law, the flux through each face of the cube is q/6ε0.

Gauss Law Formula:-

As per the Gauss theorem, the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface. Therefore, If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant, the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is;

Q = ϕ ϵ0

The Gauss law formula is expressed by;

ϕ = Q/ϵ0

Where,

Q = total charge within the given surface,

ε0 = the electric constant.

Gauss's Theorm Proof:-




• Circle Area = 4πr²
• Intensity at point P due to +q charge



• Electrical flux passing through vector da



• Electrical flux passing through the entire surface





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